css.html

---
layout: default
title: CSS
slug: css
lead: "Global CSS settings, fundamental HTML elements styled and enhanced with extensible classes, and an advanced grid system."
---


<!-- Global Bootstrap settings
================================================== -->
<div class="bs-docs-section">
  <h1 id="overview" class="page-header">Overview</h1>

  <p class="lead">Get the lowdown on the key pieces of Bootstrap's infrastructure, including our approach to better, faster, stronger web development.</p>

  <h3 id="overview-doctype">HTML5 doctype</h3>
  <p>Bootstrap makes use of certain HTML elements and CSS properties that require the use of the HTML5 doctype. Include it at the beginning of all your projects.</p>
{% highlight html %}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  ...
</html>
{% endhighlight %}

  <h3 id="overview-mobile">Mobile first</h3>
  <p>With Bootstrap 2, we added optional mobile friendly styles for key aspects of the framework. With Bootstrap 3, we've rewritten the project to be mobile friendly from the start. Instead of adding on optional mobile styles, they're baked right into the core. In fact, <strong>Bootstrap is mobile first</strong>. Mobile first styles can be found throughout the entire library instead of in separate files.</p>
  <p>To ensure proper rendering and touch zooming, <strong>add the viewport meta tag</strong> to your <code>&lt;head&gt;</code>.</p>
{% highlight html %}
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
{% endhighlight %}
  <p>You can disable zooming capabilities on mobile devices by adding <code>user-scalable=no</code> to the viewport meta tag. This disables zooming, meaning users are only able to scroll, and results in your site feeling a bit more like a native application. Overall, we don't recommend this on every site, so use caution!</p>
{% highlight html %}
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no">
{% endhighlight %}

  <h3 id="overview-responsive-images">Responsive images</h3>
  <p>Images in Bootstrap 3 can be made responsive-friendly via the addition of the <code>.img-responsive</code> class. This applies <code>max-width: 100%;</code> and <code>height: auto;</code> to the image so that it scales nicely to the parent element.</p>
{% highlight html %}
<img src="..." class="img-responsive" alt="Responsive image">
{% endhighlight %}

  <h3 id="overview-type-links">Typography and links</h3>
  <p>Bootstrap sets basic global display, typography, and link styles. Specifically, we:</p>
  <ul>
    <li>Set <code>background-color: #fff;</code> on the <code>body</code></li>
    <li>Use the <code>@font-family-base</code>, <code>@font-size-base</code>, and <code>@line-height-base</code> attributes as our typographic base</li>
    <li>Set the global link color via <code>@link-color</code> and apply link underlines only on <code>:hover</code></li>
  </ul>
  <p>These styles can be found within <code>scaffolding.less</code>.</p>

  <h3 id="overview-normalize">Normalize.css</h3>
  <p>For improved cross-browser rendering, we use <a href="http://necolas.github.io/normalize.css/" target="_blank">Normalize.css</a>, a project by <a href="http://twitter.com/necolas" target="_blank">Nicolas Gallagher</a> and <a href="http://twitter.com/jon_neal" target="_blank">Jonathan Neal</a>.</p>

  <h3 id="overview-container">Containers</h3>
  <p>Easily center a page's contents by wrapping its contents in a <code>.container</code>. Containers set <code>width</code> at various media query breakpoints to match our grid system.</p>
  <p>Note that, due to <code>padding</code> and fixed widths, containers are not nestable by default.</p>
{% highlight html %}
<div class="container">
  ...
</div>
{% endhighlight %}
</div>


<!-- Grid system
================================================== -->
<div class="bs-docs-section">
  <h1 id="grid" class="page-header">Grid system</h1>

  <p class="lead">Bootstrap includes a responsive, mobile first fluid grid system that appropriately scales up to 12 columns as the device or viewport size increases. It includes <a href="#grid-example-basic">predefined classes</a> for easy layout options, as well as powerful <a href="#grid-less">mixins for generating more semantic layouts</a>.</p>

  <h3 id="grid-intro">Introduction</h3>
  <p>Grid systems are used for creating page layouts through a series of rows and columns that house your content. Here's how the Bootstrap grid system works:</p>
  <ul>
    <li>Rows must be placed within a <code>.container</code> (fixed-width) or <code>.container-fluid</code> (full-width) for proper alignment and padding.</li>
    <li>Use rows to create horizontal groups of columns.</li>
    <li>Content should be placed within columns, and only columns may be immediate children of rows.</li>
    <li>Predefined grid classes like <code>.row</code> and <code>.col-xs-4</code> are available for quickly making grid layouts. Less mixins can also be used for more semantic layouts.</li>
    <li>Columns create gutters (gaps between column content) via <code>padding</code>. That padding is offset in rows for the first and last column via negative margin on <code>.row</code>s.</li>
    <li>Grid columns are created by specifying the number of twelve available columns you wish to span. For example, three equal columns would use three <code>.col-xs-4</code>.</li>
  </ul>
  <p>Look to the examples for applying these principles to your code.</p>

  <div class="bs-callout bs-callout-info">
    <h4>Grids and full-width layouts</h4>
    <p>Folks looking to create fully fluid layouts (meaning your site stretches the entire width of the viewport) must wrap their grid content in a containing element with <code>padding: 0 15px;</code> to offset the <code>margin: 0 -15px;</code> used on <code>.row</code>s.</p>
  </div>

  <h3 id="grid-media-queries">Media queries</h3>
  <p>We use the following media queries in our Less files to create the key breakpoints in our grid system.</p>
{% highlight css %}
/* Extra small devices (phones, less than 768px) */
/* No media query since this is the default in Bootstrap */

/* Small devices (tablets, 768px and up) */
@media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) { ... }

/* Medium devices (desktops, 992px and up) */
@media (min-width: @screen-md-min) { ... }

/* Large devices (large desktops, 1200px and up) */
@media (min-width: @screen-lg-min) { ... }
{% endhighlight %}
  <p>We occasionally expand on these media queries to include a <code>max-width</code> to limit CSS to a narrower set of devices.</p>
{% highlight css %}
@media (max-width: @screen-xs-max) { ... }
@media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) and (max-width: @screen-sm-max) { ... }
@media (min-width: @screen-md-min) and (max-width: @screen-md-max) { ... }
@media (min-width: @screen-lg-min) { ... }
{% endhighlight %}

  <h3 id="grid-options">Grid options</h3>
  <p>See how aspects of the Bootstrap grid system work across multiple devices with a handy table.</p>
  <div class="table-responsive">
    <table class="table table-bordered table-striped">
      <thead>
        <tr>
          <th></th>
          <th>
            Extra small devices
            <small>Phones (&lt;768px)</small>
          </th>
          <th>
            Small devices
            <small>Tablets (&ge;768px)</small>
          </th>
          <th>
            Medium devices
            <small>Desktops (&ge;992px)</small>
          </th>
          <th>
            Large devices
            <small>Desktops (&ge;1200px)</small>
          </th>
        </tr>
      </thead>
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <th>Grid behavior</th>
          <td>Horizontal at all times</td>
          <td colspan="3">Collapsed to start, horizontal above breakpoints</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <th>Container width</th>
          <td>None (auto)</td>
          <td>750px</td>
          <td>970px</td>
          <td>1170px</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <th>Class prefix</th>
          <td><code>.col-xs-</code></td>
          <td><code>.col-sm-</code></td>
          <td><code>.col-md-</code></td>
          <td><code>.col-lg-</code></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <th># of columns</th>
          <td colspan="4">12</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <th>Column width</th>
          <td class="text-muted">Auto</td>
          <td>60px</td>
          <td>78px</td>
          <td>95px</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <th>Gutter width</th>
          <td colspan="4">30px (15px on each side of a column)</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <th>Nestable</th>
          <td colspan="4">Yes</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <th>Offsets</th>
          <td colspan="4">Yes</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <th>Column ordering</th>
          <td colspan="4">Yes</td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
  </div>
  <p>Grid classes apply to devices with screen widths greater than or equal to the breakpoint sizes, and override grid classes targeted at smaller devices. Therefore, applying any <code>.col-md-</code> class to an element will not only affect its styling on medium devices but also on large devices if a <code>.col-lg-</code> class is not present.</p>

  <h3 id="grid-example-basic">Example: Stacked-to-horizontal</h3>
  <p>Using a single set of <code>.col-md-*</code> grid classes, you can create a basic grid system that starts out stacked on mobile devices and tablet devices (the extra small to small range) before becoming horizontal on desktop (medium) devices. Place grid columns in any <code>.row</code>.</p>
  <div class="bs-docs-grid">
    <div class="row show-grid">
      <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
      <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
      <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
      <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
      <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
      <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
      <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
      <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
      <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
      <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
      <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
      <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
    </div>
    <div class="row show-grid">
      <div class="col-md-8">.col-md-8</div>
      <div class="col-md-4">.col-md-4</div>
    </div>
    <div class="row show-grid">
      <div class="col-md-4">.col-md-4</div>
      <div class="col-md-4">.col-md-4</div>
      <div class="col-md-4">.col-md-4</div>
    </div>
    <div class="row show-grid">
      <div class="col-md-6">.col-md-6</div>
      <div class="col-md-6">.col-md-6</div>
    </div>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
  <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
  <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
  <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
  <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
  <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
  <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
  <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
  <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
  <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
  <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
  <div class="col-md-1">.col-md-1</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-md-8">.col-md-8</div>
  <div class="col-md-4">.col-md-4</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-md-4">.col-md-4</div>
  <div class="col-md-4">.col-md-4</div>
  <div class="col-md-4">.col-md-4</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-md-6">.col-md-6</div>
  <div class="col-md-6">.col-md-6</div>
</div>
{% endhighlight %}

  <h3 id="grid-example-fluid">Example: Fluid container</h3>
  <p>Turn any fixed-width grid layout into a full-width layout by changing your outermost <code>.container</code> to <code>.container-fluid</code>.</p>
{% highlight html %}
<div class="container-fluid">
  <div class="row">
    ...
  </div>
</div>
{% endhighlight %}

  <h3 id="grid-example-mixed">Example: Mobile and desktop</h3>
  <p>Don't want your columns to simply stack in smaller devices? Use the extra small and medium device grid classes by adding <code>.col-xs-*</code> <code>.col-md-*</code> to your columns. See the example below for a better idea of how it all works.</p>
  <div class="bs-docs-grid">
    <div class="row show-grid">
      <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-8">.col-xs-12 .col-md-8</div>
      <div class="col-xs-6 col-md-4">.col-xs-6 .col-md-4</div>
    </div>
    <div class="row show-grid">
      <div class="col-xs-6 col-md-4">.col-xs-6 .col-md-4</div>
      <div class="col-xs-6 col-md-4">.col-xs-6 .col-md-4</div>
      <div class="col-xs-6 col-md-4">.col-xs-6 .col-md-4</div>
    </div>
    <div class="row show-grid">
      <div class="col-xs-6">.col-xs-6</div>
      <div class="col-xs-6">.col-xs-6</div>
    </div>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<!-- Stack the columns on mobile by making one full-width and the other half-width -->
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-8">.col-xs-12 .col-md-8</div>
  <div class="col-xs-6 col-md-4">.col-xs-6 .col-md-4</div>
</div>

<!-- Columns start at 50% wide on mobile and bump up to 33.3% wide on desktop -->
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-xs-6 col-md-4">.col-xs-6 .col-md-4</div>
  <div class="col-xs-6 col-md-4">.col-xs-6 .col-md-4</div>
  <div class="col-xs-6 col-md-4">.col-xs-6 .col-md-4</div>
</div>

<!-- Columns are always 50% wide, on mobile and desktop -->
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-xs-6">.col-xs-6</div>
  <div class="col-xs-6">.col-xs-6</div>
</div>
{% endhighlight %}

  <h3 id="grid-example-mixed-complete">Example: Mobile, tablet, desktops</h3>
  <p>Build on the previous example by creating even more dynamic and powerful layouts with tablet <code>.col-sm-*</code> classes.</p>
  <div class="bs-docs-grid">
    <div class="row show-grid">
      <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-8">.col-xs-12 .col-sm-6 .col-md-8</div>
      <div class="col-xs-6 col-md-4">.col-xs-6 .col-md-4</div>
    </div>
    <div class="row show-grid">
      <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-4</div>
      <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-4</div>
      <!-- Optional: clear the XS cols if their content doesn't match in height -->
      <div class="clearfix visible-xs"></div>
      <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-4</div>
    </div>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-8">.col-xs-12 .col-sm-6 .col-md-8</div>
  <div class="col-xs-6 col-md-4">.col-xs-6 .col-md-4</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-4</div>
  <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-4</div>
  <!-- Optional: clear the XS cols if their content doesn't match in height -->
  <div class="clearfix visible-xs"></div>
  <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-4</div>
</div>
{% endhighlight %}

  <h3 id="grid-responsive-resets">Responsive column resets</h3>
  <p>With the four tiers of grids available you're bound to run into issues where, at certain breakpoints, your columns don't clear quite right as one is taller than the other. To fix that, use a combination of a <code>.clearfix</code> and our <a href="#responsive-utilities">responsive utility classes</a>.</p>
  <div class="bs-docs-grid">
    <div class="row show-grid">
      <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3">
        .col-xs-6 .col-sm-3
        <br>
        Resize your viewport or check it out on your phone for an example.
      </div>
      <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3</div>

      <!-- Add the extra clearfix for only the required viewport -->
      <div class="clearfix visible-xs"></div>

      <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3</div>
      <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3</div>
    </div>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3</div>
  <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3</div>

  <!-- Add the extra clearfix for only the required viewport -->
  <div class="clearfix visible-xs"></div>

  <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3</div>
  <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3</div>
</div>
{% endhighlight %}
  <p>In addition to column clearing at responsive breakpoints, you may need to <strong>reset offsets, pushes, or pulls</strong>. Those resets are available for medium and large grid tiers only, since they start only at the (second) small grid tier. See this in action in <a href="../examples/grid/">the grid example</a>.</p>
{% highlight html %}
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-sm-5 col-md-6">.col-sm-5 .col-md-6</div>
  <div class="col-sm-5 col-sm-offset-2 col-md-6 col-md-offset-0">.col-sm-5 .col-sm-offset-2 .col-md-6 .col-md-offset-0</div>
</div>

<div class="row">
  <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-5 col-lg-6">.col-sm-6 .col-md-5 .col-lg-6</div>
  <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-5 col-md-offset-2 col-lg-6 col-lg-offset-0">.col-sm-6 .col-md-5 .col-md-offset-2 .col-lg-6 .col-lg-offset-0</div>
</div>
{% endhighlight %}


  <h3 id="grid-offsetting">Offsetting columns</h3>
  <p>Move columns to the right using <code>.col-md-offset-*</code> classes. These classes increase the left margin of a column by <code>*</code> columns. For example, <code>.col-md-offset-4</code> moves <code>.col-md-4</code> over four columns.</p>
  <div class="bs-docs-grid">
    <div class="row show-grid">
      <div class="col-md-4">.col-md-4</div>
      <div class="col-md-4 col-md-offset-4">.col-md-4 .col-md-offset-4</div>
    </div>
    <div class="row show-grid">
      <div class="col-md-3 col-md-offset-3">.col-md-3 .col-md-offset-3</div>
      <div class="col-md-3 col-md-offset-3">.col-md-3 .col-md-offset-3</div>
    </div>
    <div class="row show-grid">
      <div class="col-md-6 col-md-offset-3">.col-md-6 .col-md-offset-3</div>
    </div>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-md-4">.col-md-4</div>
  <div class="col-md-4 col-md-offset-4">.col-md-4 .col-md-offset-4</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-md-3 col-md-offset-3">.col-md-3 .col-md-offset-3</div>
  <div class="col-md-3 col-md-offset-3">.col-md-3 .col-md-offset-3</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-md-6 col-md-offset-3">.col-md-6 .col-md-offset-3</div>
</div>
{% endhighlight %}


  <h3 id="grid-nesting">Nesting columns</h3>
  <p>To nest your content with the default grid, add a new <code>.row</code> and set of <code>.col-md-*</code> columns within an existing <code>.col-md-*</code> column. Nested rows should include a set of columns that add up to 12 or less.</p>
  <div class="row show-grid">
    <div class="col-md-9">
      Level 1: .col-md-9
      <div class="row show-grid">
        <div class="col-md-6">
          Level 2: .col-md-6
        </div>
        <div class="col-md-6">
          Level 2: .col-md-6
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-md-9">
    Level 1: .col-md-9
    <div class="row">
      <div class="col-md-6">
        Level 2: .col-md-6
      </div>
      <div class="col-md-6">
        Level 2: .col-md-6
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>
{% endhighlight %}

  <h3 id="grid-column-ordering">Column ordering</h3>
  <p>Easily change the order of our built-in grid columns with <code>.col-md-push-*</code> and <code>.col-md-pull-*</code> modifier classes.</p>
  <div class="row show-grid">
    <div class="col-md-9 col-md-push-3">.col-md-9 .col-md-push-3</div>
    <div class="col-md-3 col-md-pull-9">.col-md-3 .col-md-pull-9</div>
  </div>

{% highlight html %}
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-md-9 col-md-push-3">.col-md-9 .col-md-push-3</div>
  <div class="col-md-3 col-md-pull-9">.col-md-3 .col-md-pull-9</div>
</div>
{% endhighlight %}

  <h3 id="grid-less">Less mixins and variables</h3>
  <p>In addition to <a href="#grid-example-basic">prebuilt grid classes</a> for fast layouts, Bootstrap includes Less variables and mixins for quickly generating your own simple, semantic layouts.</p>

  <h4>Variables</h4>
  <p>Variables determine the number of columns, the gutter width, and the media query point at which to begin floating columns. We use these to generate the predefined grid classes documented above, as well as for the custom mixins listed below.</p>
{% highlight css %}
@grid-columns:              12;
@grid-gutter-width:         30px;
@grid-float-breakpoint:     768px;
{% endhighlight %}

  <h4>Mixins</h4>
  <p>Mixins are used in conjunction with the grid variables to generate semantic CSS for individual grid columns.</p>
{% highlight css %}
// Creates a wrapper for a series of columns
.make-row(@gutter: @grid-gutter-width) {
  // Then clear the floated columns
  .clearfix();

  @media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) {
    margin-left:  (@gutter / -2);
    margin-right: (@gutter / -2);
  }

  // Negative margin nested rows out to align the content of columns
  .row {
    margin-left:  (@gutter / -2);
    margin-right: (@gutter / -2);
  }
}

// Generate the extra small columns
.make-xs-column(@columns; @gutter: @grid-gutter-width) {
  position: relative;
  // Prevent columns from collapsing when empty
  min-height: 1px;
  // Inner gutter via padding
  padding-left:  (@gutter / 2);
  padding-right: (@gutter / 2);

  // Calculate width based on number of columns available
  @media (min-width: @grid-float-breakpoint) {
    float: left;
    width: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}

// Generate the small columns
.make-sm-column(@columns; @gutter: @grid-gutter-width) {
  position: relative;
  // Prevent columns from collapsing when empty
  min-height: 1px;
  // Inner gutter via padding
  padding-left:  (@gutter / 2);
  padding-right: (@gutter / 2);

  // Calculate width based on number of columns available
  @media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) {
    float: left;
    width: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}

// Generate the small column offsets
.make-sm-column-offset(@columns) {
  @media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) {
    margin-left: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}
.make-sm-column-push(@columns) {
  @media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) {
    left: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}
.make-sm-column-pull(@columns) {
  @media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) {
    right: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}

// Generate the medium columns
.make-md-column(@columns; @gutter: @grid-gutter-width) {
  position: relative;
  // Prevent columns from collapsing when empty
  min-height: 1px;
  // Inner gutter via padding
  padding-left:  (@gutter / 2);
  padding-right: (@gutter / 2);

  // Calculate width based on number of columns available
  @media (min-width: @screen-md-min) {
    float: left;
    width: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}

// Generate the medium column offsets
.make-md-column-offset(@columns) {
  @media (min-width: @screen-md-min) {
    margin-left: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}
.make-md-column-push(@columns) {
  @media (min-width: @screen-md-min) {
    left: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}
.make-md-column-pull(@columns) {
  @media (min-width: @screen-md-min) {
    right: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}

// Generate the large columns
.make-lg-column(@columns; @gutter: @grid-gutter-width) {
  position: relative;
  // Prevent columns from collapsing when empty
  min-height: 1px;
  // Inner gutter via padding
  padding-left:  (@gutter / 2);
  padding-right: (@gutter / 2);

  // Calculate width based on number of columns available
  @media (min-width: @screen-lg-min) {
    float: left;
    width: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}

// Generate the large column offsets
.make-lg-column-offset(@columns) {
  @media (min-width: @screen-lg-min) {
    margin-left: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}
.make-lg-column-push(@columns) {
  @media (min-width: @screen-lg-min) {
    left: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}
.make-lg-column-pull(@columns) {
  @media (min-width: @screen-lg-min) {
    right: percentage((@columns / @grid-columns));
  }
}
{% endhighlight %}

  <h4>Example usage</h4>
  <p>You can modify the variables to your own custom values, or just use the mixins with their default values. Here's an example of using the default settings to create a two-column layout with a gap between.</p>
{% highlight css %}
.wrapper {
  .make-row();
}
.content-main {
  .make-lg-column(8);
}
.content-secondary {
  .make-lg-column(3);
  .make-lg-column-offset(1);
}
{% endhighlight %}
{% highlight html %}
<div class="wrapper">
  <div class="content-main">...</div>
  <div class="content-secondary">...</div>
</div>
{% endhighlight %}
</div>


<!-- Typography
================================================== -->
<div class="bs-docs-section">
  <h1 id="type" class="page-header">Typography</h1>

  <!-- Headings -->
  <h2 id="type-headings">Headings</h2>
  <p>All HTML headings, <code>&lt;h1&gt;</code> through <code>&lt;h6&gt;</code>, are available. <code>.h1</code> through <code>.h6</code> classes are also available, for when you want to match the font styling of a heading but still want your text to be displayed inline.</p>
  <div class="bs-example bs-example-type">
    <table class="table">
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td><h1>h1. Bootstrap heading</h1></td>
          <td class="type-info">Semibold 36px</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td><h2>h2. Bootstrap heading</h2></td>
          <td class="type-info">Semibold 30px</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td><h3>h3. Bootstrap heading</h3></td>
          <td class="type-info">Semibold 24px</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td><h4>h4. Bootstrap heading</h4></td>
          <td class="type-info">Semibold 18px</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td><h5>h5. Bootstrap heading</h5></td>
          <td class="type-info">Semibold 14px</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td><h6>h6. Bootstrap heading</h6></td>
          <td class="type-info">Semibold 12px</td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<h1>h1. Bootstrap heading</h1>
<h2>h2. Bootstrap heading</h2>
<h3>h3. Bootstrap heading</h3>
<h4>h4. Bootstrap heading</h4>
<h5>h5. Bootstrap heading</h5>
<h6>h6. Bootstrap heading</h6>
{% endhighlight %}

  <p>Create lighter, secondary text in any heading with a generic <code>&lt;small&gt;</code> tag or the <code>.small</code> class.</p>
  <div class="bs-example bs-example-type">
    <table class="table">
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td><h1>h1. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h1></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td><h2>h2. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h2></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td><h3>h3. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h3></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td><h4>h4. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h4></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td><h5>h5. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h5></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td><h6>h6. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h6></td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<h1>h1. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h1>
<h2>h2. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h2>
<h3>h3. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h3>
<h4>h4. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h4>
<h5>h5. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h5>
<h6>h6. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h6>
{% endhighlight %}


  <!-- Body copy -->
  <h2 id="type-body-copy">Body copy</h2>
  <p>Bootstrap's global default <code>font-size</code> is <strong>14px</strong>, with a <code>line-height</code> of <strong>1.428</strong>. This is applied to the <code>&lt;body&gt;</code> and all paragraphs. In addition, <code>&lt;p&gt;</code> (paragraphs) receive a bottom margin of half their computed line-height (10px by default).</p>
  <div class="bs-example">
    <p>Nullam quis risus eget urna mollis ornare vel eu leo. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Nullam id dolor id nibh ultricies vehicula.</p>
    <p>Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec ullamcorper nulla non metus auctor fringilla. Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus, nisi erat porttitor ligula, eget lacinia odio sem nec elit. Donec ullamcorper nulla non metus auctor fringilla.</p>
    <p>Maecenas sed diam eget risus varius blandit sit amet non magna. Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus. Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus, nisi erat porttitor ligula, eget lacinia odio sem nec elit.</p>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<p>...</p>
{% endhighlight %}

  <!-- Body copy .lead -->
  <h3>Lead body copy</h3>
  <p>Make a paragraph stand out by adding <code>.lead</code>.</p>
  <div class="bs-example">
    <p class="lead">Vivamus sagittis lacus vel augue laoreet rutrum faucibus dolor auctor. Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus.</p>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<p class="lead">...</p>
{% endhighlight %}

  <!-- Using Less -->
  <h3>Built with Less</h3>
  <p>The typographic scale is based on two Less variables in <strong>variables.less</strong>: <code>@font-size-base</code> and <code>@line-height-base</code>. The first is the base font-size used throughout and the second is the base line-height. We use those variables and some simple math to create the margins, paddings, and line-heights of all our type and more. Customize them and Bootstrap adapts.</p>


  <!-- Emphasis -->
  <h2 id="type-emphasis">Emphasis</h2>
  <p>Make use of HTML's default emphasis tags with lightweight styles.</p>

  <h3>Small text</h3>
  <p>For de-emphasizing inline or blocks of text, use the <code>&lt;small&gt;</code> tag to set text at 85% the size of the parent. Heading elements receive their own <code>font-size</code> for nested <code>&lt;small&gt;</code> elements.</p>
  <p>You may alternatively use an inline element with <code>.small</code> in place of any <code>&lt;small&gt;</code>.</p>
  <div class="bs-example">
    <p><small>This line of text is meant to be treated as fine print.</small></p>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<small>This line of text is meant to be treated as fine print.</small>
{% endhighlight %}


  <h3>Bold</h3>
  <p>For emphasizing a snippet of text with a heavier font-weight.</p>
  <div class="bs-example">
    <p>The following snippet of text is <strong>rendered as bold text</strong>.</p>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<strong>rendered as bold text</strong>
{% endhighlight %}

  <h3>Italics</h3>
  <p>For emphasizing a snippet of text with italics.</p>
  <div class="bs-example">
    <p>The following snippet of text is <em>rendered as italicized text</em>.</p>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<em>rendered as italicized text</em>
{% endhighlight %}

  <div class="bs-callout bs-callout-info">
    <h4>Alternate elements</h4>
    <p>Feel free to use <code>&lt;b&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;i&gt;</code> in HTML5. <code>&lt;b&gt;</code> is meant to highlight words or phrases without conveying additional importance while <code>&lt;i&gt;</code> is mostly for voice, technical terms, etc.</p>
  </div>

  <h3>Alignment classes</h3>
  <p>Easily realign text to components with text alignment classes.</p>
  <div class="bs-example">
    <p class="text-left">Left aligned text.</p>
    <p class="text-center">Center aligned text.</p>
    <p class="text-right">Right aligned text.</p>
    <p class="text-justify">Justified text.</p>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<p class="text-left">Left aligned text.</p>
<p class="text-center">Center aligned text.</p>
<p class="text-right">Right aligned text.</p>
<p class="text-justify">Justified text.</p>
{% endhighlight %}


  <!-- Abbreviations -->
  <h2 id="type-abbreviations">Abbreviations</h2>
  <p>Stylized implementation of HTML's <code>&lt;abbr&gt;</code> element for abbreviations and acronyms to show the expanded version on hover. Abbreviations with a <code>title</code> attribute have a light dotted bottom border and a help cursor on hover, providing additional context on hover.</p>

  <h3>Basic abbreviation</h3>
  <p>For expanded text on long hover of an abbreviation, include the <code>title</code> attribute with the <code>&lt;abbr&gt;</code> element.</p>
  <div class="bs-example">
    <p>An abbreviation of the word attribute is <abbr title="attribute">attr</abbr>.</p>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<abbr title="attribute">attr</abbr>
{% endhighlight %}

  <h3>Initialism</h3>
  <p>Add <code>.initialism</code> to an abbreviation for a slightly smaller font-size.</p>
  <div class="bs-example">
    <p><abbr title="HyperText Markup Language" class="initialism">HTML</abbr> is the best thing since sliced bread.</p>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<abbr title="HyperText Markup Language" class="initialism">HTML</abbr>
{% endhighlight %}


  <!-- Addresses -->
  <h2 id="type-addresses">Addresses</h2>
  <p>Present contact information for the nearest ancestor or the entire body of work. Preserve formatting by ending all lines with <code>&lt;br&gt;</code>.</p>
  <div class="bs-example">
    <address>
      <strong>Twitter, Inc.</strong><br>
      795 Folsom Ave, Suite 600<br>
      San Francisco, CA 94107<br>
      <abbr title="Phone">P:</abbr> (123) 456-7890
    </address>
    <address>
      <strong>Full Name</strong><br>
      <a href="mailto:#">first.last@example.com</a>
    </address>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<address>
  <strong>Twitter, Inc.</strong><br>
  795 Folsom Ave, Suite 600<br>
  San Francisco, CA 94107<br>
  <abbr title="Phone">P:</abbr> (123) 456-7890
</address>

<address>
  <strong>Full Name</strong><br>
  <a href="mailto:#">first.last@example.com</a>
</address>
{% endhighlight %}


  <!-- Blockquotes -->
  <h2 id="type-blockquotes">Blockquotes</h2>
  <p>For quoting blocks of content from another source within your document.</p>

  <h3>Default blockquote</h3>
  <p>Wrap <code>&lt;blockquote&gt;</code> around any <abbr title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</abbr> as the quote. For straight quotes, we recommend a <code>&lt;p&gt;</code>.</p>
  <div class="bs-example">
    <blockquote>
      <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.</p>
    </blockquote>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<blockquote>
  <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.</p>
</blockquote>
{% endhighlight %}

  <h3>Blockquote options</h3>
  <p>Style and content changes for simple variations on a standard <code>&lt;blockquote&gt;</code>.</p>

  <h4>Naming a source</h4>
  <p>Add a <code>&lt;footer&gt;</code> for identifying the source. Wrap the name of the source work in <code>&lt;cite&gt;</code>.</p>
  <div class="bs-example">
    <blockquote>
      <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.</p>
      <footer>Someone famous in <cite title="Source Title">Source Title</cite></footer>
    </blockquote>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<blockquote>
  <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.</p>
  <footer>Someone famous in <cite title="Source Title">Source Title</cite></footer>
</blockquote>
{% endhighlight %}

  <h4>Alternate displays</h4>
  <p>Add <code>.blockquote-reverse</code> for a blockquote with right-aligned content.</p>
  <div class="bs-example" style="overflow: hidden;">
    <blockquote class="blockquote-reverse">
      <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.</p>
      <footer>Someone famous in <cite title="Source Title">Source Title</cite></footer>
    </blockquote>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<blockquote class="blockquote-reverse">
  ...
</blockquote>
{% endhighlight %}


  <!-- Lists -->
  <h2 id="type-lists">Lists</h2>

  <h3>Unordered</h3>
  <p>A list of items in which the order does <em>not</em> explicitly matter.</p>
  <div class="bs-example">
    <ul>
      <li>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet</li>
      <li>Consectetur adipiscing elit</li>
      <li>Integer molestie lorem at massa</li>
      <li>Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet</li>
      <li>Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
        <ul>
          <li>Phasellus iaculis neque</li>
          <li>Purus sodales ultricies</li>
          <li>Vestibulum laoreet porttitor sem</li>
          <li>Ac tristique libero volutpat at</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li>Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel</li>
      <li>Aenean sit amet erat nunc</li>
      <li>Eget porttitor lorem</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<ul>
  <li>...</li>
</ul>
{% endhighlight %}

  <h3>Ordered</h3>
  <p>A list of items in which the order <em>does</em> explicitly matter.</p>
  <div class="bs-example">
    <ol>
      <li>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet</li>
      <li>Consectetur adipiscing elit</li>
      <li>Integer molestie lorem at massa</li>
      <li>Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet</li>
      <li>Nulla volutpat aliquam velit</li>
      <li>Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel</li>
      <li>Aenean sit amet erat nunc</li>
      <li>Eget porttitor lorem</li>
    </ol>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<ol>
  <li>...</li>
</ol>
{% endhighlight %}

  <h3>Unstyled</h3>
  <p>Remove the default <code>list-style</code> and left margin on list items (immediate children only). <strong>This only applies to immediate children list items</strong>, meaning you will need to add the class for any nested lists as well.</p>
  <div class="bs-example">
    <ul class="list-unstyled">
      <li>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet</li>
      <li>Consectetur adipiscing elit</li>
      <li>Integer molestie lorem at massa</li>
      <li>Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet</li>
      <li>Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
        <ul>
          <li>Phasellus iaculis neque</li>
          <li>Purus sodales ultricies</li>
          <li>Vestibulum laoreet porttitor sem</li>
          <li>Ac tristique libero volutpat at</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li>Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel</li>
      <li>Aenean sit amet erat nunc</li>
      <li>Eget porttitor lorem</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<ul class="list-unstyled">
  <li>...</li>
</ul>
{% endhighlight %}

  <h3>Inline</h3>
  <p>Place all list items on a single line with <code>display: inline-block;</code> and some light padding.</p>
  <div class="bs-example">
    <ul class="list-inline">
      <li>Lorem ipsum</li>
      <li>Phasellus iaculis</li>
      <li>Nulla volutpat</li>
    </ul>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<ul class="list-inline">
  <li>...</li>
</ul>
{% endhighlight %}

  <h3>Description</h3>
  <p>A list of terms with their associated descriptions.</p>
  <div class="bs-example">
    <dl>
      <dt>Description lists</dt>
      <dd>A description list is perfect for defining terms.</dd>
      <dt>Euismod</dt>
      <dd>Vestibulum id ligula porta felis euismod semper eget lacinia odio sem nec elit.</dd>
      <dd>Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus.</dd>
      <dt>Malesuada porta</dt>
      <dd>Etiam porta sem malesuada magna mollis euismod.</dd>
    </dl>
  </div>
{% highlight html %}
<dl>
  <dt>...</dt>
  <dd>...</dd>
</dl>
{% endhighlight %}

  <h4>Horizontal description</h4>
  <p>Make terms and descriptions in <code>&lt;dl&gt;</code> line up side-by-side. Starts off stacked like default <code>&lt;dl&gt;</code>s, but when the navbar expands, so do these.</p>
  <div class="bs-example">
    <dl class="dl-horizontal">
      <dt>Description lists</dt>