Depending on the model—sometimes. Those dedicated concrete grinders can be quite large and are used for prepping large surfaces. If this bathroom is smaller you might be able to use an angle grinder with the appropriate (diamond) grinding wheel and lay it broadside onto the surface to get rid of the glue. This isn’t like a cutting blade. It’s built to grind on the face of the disc—not the edge.

There are also a number of handheld electric stripper/grinders that can be paired with various low grit sandpaper discs for this exact purpose. Maybe a wire brush wheel for a drill could work? My experience with those has been they sometimes don’t work well due to the type of glue

Dust collection will be an issue. Some grinders have a shroud to collect dust at the tool or they can be purchased on Amazon. You could have a 2nd person hold the intake pipe where dust comes off. You can buy most of this stuff at Harbor freight rather than renting for short money or even HD for reasonable price and is likely easier than renting.

As others have said, Negative air pressure in the room you’re working in should be used in addition to collecting dust right at the tool with a HEPA vac. The vac will not get everything and silica dust has a tendency to travel and linger and is also no joke health wise.

Does it have an old bath fan that works? It will likely get caked in dust though, but should do the trick. Struggling to think of an alternative if no window available. Maybe you can rent or buy a in line fan with a vent pipe?