My guess is that there is no "definition" and that a machine learning model was trained using songs labeled as "acoustic". This is probably the result of either some database Spotify pulls from or the artists themselves.
I would assume it's just a degree of how much sound amplification/modulation and/or manipulation is made to the acoustic instrument or the recordings of it. Mind you, you don't even need to "record" if the original sound is made digitally/electronically which I guess can be considered non-acoustic or at least a very low degree of acoustic-sounding.
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