Modern thermometers use a variety of different methods and sensors to determine the temperature, but some of them include, thermocouples, Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs), thermistors, and Solid State sensors. These all use the ideas of voltage, resistance, and current to determine what the ambient temperature is.
The technology is a lot more complex than something like a bimetallic spring and some mercury, but if you're interested there is good reading about it!
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