> Participants.

> A total of 503 students (age = 18–25 years) from Shaanxi Normal University were screened with the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS; Kwon et al., 2013). In line with prior studies (Horvath et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2021), students with SAS scores in the upper 27% of the total distribution were classified as the SAT group, and students with SAS scores in the lower 27% of the total distribution were classified as the HC group. We invited students who met these criteria to participate in this experiment, and 48 of them responded to the invitation. Finally, 24 students (16 females and 8 males) were recruited into the SAT group, and 24 students (15 females and 9 males) were recruited into the HC group.

While interesting do folks with brains not fully developed representative of other cohorts.

> Participants were given the following questionnaires: Raven’s Progressive Matrices test (Raven and Court, 1938), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State scale (Spielberger, 1983) and the Beck Depression Scale-II (Beck et al., 1996). There was a significant difference between the SAT and HC groups in the SAS score, t (46) = 25.95, P < 0.001 (Table 1). A significant group difference in anxiety state score was also observed, t (46) = 2.63, P = 0.015.