Same problem needs to be solved if we want to get to Mars, or beyond, so...

I wouldn’t call 4 months time “narrowly avoided”. That’s a third of Earth’s orbit after all.

> Artemis’ Orion has been designed with an array of features to protect both humans and hardware in a worst-case scenario. A stowage bag or other material found onboard might be used to construct a temporary radiation shelter inside the spacecraft.

> As per NASA, the crew might need to stay in this storm shelter for at least a day. Extreme space weather would not prevent the crew from carrying out "critical mission activities," though, thanks to the protective radiation vests.

That's good. Hope it's enough.

> During periods of severe solar activity, astronauts might potentially construct a shielded habitat using local resources, such as lunar soil, dirt, and rocks. For instance, walls about one meter thick can be built by 3D printing building blocks from lunar dust (regolith).

They'll need to pack a fair amount of equipment and spend some time setting this up, but it would be worthwhile.

The initial HLS lander should also be big enough to fit in some kind of hardy radiation protection room as well. Astronauts on a moonwalk should have enough warning time to return to the lander and take shelter.

I read it as narrow, like, in cosmic time.

If you're talking about getting unlucky with the sun, 4 months is pretty narrow.

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Not sure if that was the inspiration for the fictional Apollo 18 mission in James Michener’s Space?

But we are talking space weather, which is much more dynamic and fluid. That timescale is more on the par of days. Sometimes hours. That’s why I felt it was a strange phrase to use.

More like "narrowly avoided gaining superhero powers"

Gotcha — yea you are probably right that space weather is chaotic and something is happening all the time, but this one seems to have been particularly intense:

A series of intense solar flares exploded intermittently for more than a week. A solar flare is an outburst of charged particles from the Sun’s turbulent surface. There are five classes: A, B, C, M, and X, ranging in size from the smallest to the most dangerous. The intense solar storm of 1972, which was an X-class flare, originated from a sunspot named MR 11976.

Simple, just use a layer of Astrophage.

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We did not evolve in space. Like 99% of that environment will just outright kill us, folks.

And we’re trying to make outposts on the moon? Knowing this info? What’s the plan?

The exigencies of this circumstance were depicted in the show "For All Mankind" on AppleTV. Season 2, Episode 1.

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Same issue needs to be resolved on Earth.

The concept is simple, you just include an emergency shelter with higher radiation shielding. Solar storms don't last for long.

The execution of that concept is more nuanced, but for a lunar outpost, the easiest solution is simply to build a bunker into (by digging) or out of (by forming a concrete) the lunar soil.

This is one of the primary advantages starship will have over other lunar landers. The sheer mass of the ship will allow you to devote a significant amount of payload as primarily a radiation shelter.

We are currently evolving in space. Evolution never stops. Technology is a part of our evolution.

Yes, but we have good tools to solve this now. NASA has put a lot of research into designing space craft in such a way as to utilize all required mass as shielding. Furthermore SpaceXs starship that is actively being designed with lunar/Martian landings in mind and the sheer scale of this spacecraft gives you a lot of capacity to bring mass only as shielding. While this is a problem it’s absolutely a solvable one and far from the greatest hurdle to a mars mission.

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> We are currently evolving in space.

We are not.

>Evolution never stops.

This is true.

>Technology is a part of our evolution.

It is not.

Machines (or human consciousness in machines) is the future of all space exploration beyond this solar system.

SpaceX has discussed how to handle radiation storms in Starship. I believe that was specific to while in flight. Might have been from before they were selected for HLS. But obviously something they've been thinking about.

Even more difficult when it comes to Mars because of the long transit times. We can predict solar activity reasonably well in the short term and the Apollo missions were short enough that we could have just delayed a mission if conditions on the sun looked dicey.

Interesting article but kind of amateurish IMO. FTA: "....height of 600km and extends to 6,000km....". Later in the same paragraph: " ...Space Station remains untouched and shielded in low-Earth Orbit at 230 miles....". Likewise the reference about 25,000 km/hr being "the optimal speed" actually just links to a grade school math exercise that mentions that speed.

Maybe I'm just having a bad day.

What kind of 3d printer do they use for that?

There's no special reason the flight wouldn't have been aloft 4 months earlier or the flare happened 4 months later.

Substitute 18 years (or 4 days) for 4 months and the sentence is the same.

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I sleep near the engines where it's stored.

On planets or the moon: Underground. Dirt and rocks make for good radiation shielding. On spacecraft that fly for long (such as to Mars) probably water tanks. Water is also an ok radiation shield. Not as good as a dense metal, but it's also something you will need to bring anyways.

There is also an electromagnetic radiation shield NASA is working on. I think there were some news on it about a year or so ago.

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Seems to be pretty specialized. Here's some articles on it:

https://sservi.nasa.gov/articles/building-a-lunar-base-with-3d-printing/

https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2018/11/3D-printed_ceramic_parts_made_from_lunar_regolith

And who thinks it's a good idea to give one value in km and the other in miles? Either stick to one or do both.

Yeah, but the lander equipment still needs to be functional afterwards as well.

2nd reply: SPACE IGLOO. That's all.

Fortunately, even the relatively thin wall of the Apollo spacecraft would have attenuated the radiation significantly, since the radiation from solar storms is mostly beta:

> The solar storm of August 1972 is legendary at NASA because it occurred in between two Apollo missions: the crew of Apollo 16 had returned to Earth in April and the crew of Apollo 17 was preparing for a moon landing in December.

> Cucinotta estimates that a moonwalker caught in the August 1972 storm might have absorbed 400 rem. Deadly? "Not necessarily," he says. A quick trip back to Earth for medical care could have saved the hypothetical astronaut's life.

> Surely, though, no astronaut is going to walk around on the moon when there's a giant sunspot threatening to explode. "They're going to stay inside their spaceship (or habitat)," according to Cucinotta. An Apollo command module with its aluminum hull would have attenuated the 1972 storm from 400 rem to less than 35 rem at the astronaut's blood-forming organs. That's the difference between needing a bone marrow transplant, or having a headache.

Courtesy of NASA

I disagree, I think it is more likely we progress like how they did in the "Expanse" Novel/TV Show. Further exploration would be made by charting out with near 1c probes followed by near 1c ships abusing time dilation.

And it was wild. I really wonder if regolith would dance like that.

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thats really interesting thanks.

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There wasn't exactly a fixed schedule for Apollo missions, they could happen during any time of the year (within the launch windows during each lunar period, of course), there's nothing that would have prevented a launch from happening during that 4 month period other than just luck. The operational cadence of the program resulted in no missions happening at that time, but they could have.