Scenario 1 began with a Big Bang when space started expanding, creating more actual space between objects forming within that expanding space. This produces a CMB radiation and cosmological redshift both of which we have observed.

How does scenario 2 work? The universe starts already huuuuge. And objects in the early universe must also start out huuuuge so they shrink for at least 13.8 billion years. How would scenario 2 create the observed CMB radiation and cosmological redshift?

Before we had airplanes and satellites, people went around measuring the distances between objects on the land. Map makers took these measurements and made maps on the Earth's surface.

For the past hundred years, astronomers have been measuring the distances to groups of stars and their directions. Astronomers have used these measurements to make illustrations of the general shape of the Milky Way.

Is it perfect? No, astronomers are still discovering features of the Milky Way, such as the wave in the disc.

Even if we developed the capacity to shoot down current ICBMs, do you think adversaries would not find another way to deliver them?

I like Don Lincoln videos.

I get several things from this video.

• Astronomers can see the CMB, visible 380,000 years after the Big Bang.

• Explanations of the early universe from 380,000 years ago to 10-13 seconds after the Big Bang are based on observations in particle accelerators creating the hot, energetic conditions of the early universe. My point is that these explanations of the time before what astronomers can observe with telescopes are NOT only mathematics as some appear to claim.

• Explanations from 10-13 to 10-43 seconds after the Big Bang are mathematics based on known laws of physics.

• Known laws of physics break down at 10-43 seconds after the Big Bang. Descriptions of the universe before 10-43 are only speculation which at best don't contradict known observations, physics and mathematics.

Jupiter's stripes are officially called "belts" and "zones". The "zones" are updrafts that are taller than the downdrafts of the "belts". Together they form a convection current like on Earth. Source: scroll down halfway down the page to the illustration of belts and zones.

I thought the answer should be "bad".

We are on a spaceship.

The Solar System is traveling at 828,000 km/hr (514,495 mph) through the Milky Way. When you look at night sky the stars you see are the large, close stars less than 5000 light years away.

Do you notice stars whipping past?

Traveling on human-made spaceships would look similar, especially if the ship rotated around its axis to create artificial gravity.

I don't rule out the possibility of advanced civilization in the galaxy. The idea of a galactic civilization seems silly to me. Vastness of the galaxy you mentioned is one point. My point is why?

The Europeans looked for India and China because that is where the good stuff was and they wanted it. I think we imagine aliens would be explorers like Europeans.

The way more advanced Chinese had an earlier age of exploration in giant ships. They were generally unimpressed with what they found. Everywhere else was poorer and less advanced. They halted further exploration. An advanced alien civilization might be like Chinese and see little point in exploring the entire galaxy. The knee-jerk answers are more resources or curiosity.

• How many planetary systems would an advanced civilization actually need?

• How many planetary systems does an advanced civilization need to explore before it's been there, done that?

Don Lincoln's videos help me answer your questions

• If the universe is only 14 billion years old, how can it be 92 billion years wide?

• How far is the edge of the universe?

I think you overestimate our technology's ability to detect life.

• We have detected 5000 exoplanets within 5000 light years of Earth.

• Our technology to see these exoplanets is very primitive.

• Our current technology could detect Jupiter and Saturn, but not the terrestrial planets in their locations in our Solar System.

• Since our technology can't even detect Earth, no way could our technology detect life on Earth.

I think you are jumping to conclusions without sufficient evidence.

The Milky Way has 100 to 400 billion stars. We are not seeing aliens from Milky Way stars. This is the Fermi Paradox that needs explaining.

The Zodiac constellations are associated with different months because as the Earth revolves around the Sun, the Sun blocks the Earth's view of the constellation associated with that month.

For example, my birthday is September 17. I am a Virgo. The reason I am a Virgo is because the Sun blocks Virgo during September. In October, the Earth's orbit makes the Sun block another constellation and Virgo can be seen again.

In summary, the Earth's orbit makes different constellations and their stars visible through the year. So there are seasonal constellations.

Look at this image

The vertical axis is the escape velocity in kilometers per second.

The horizontal axis is surface temperature in Kelvin.

Surface temperature causes gas atoms to speed up. The higher the temperature the faster the speed.

Simply speaking, if the speed of gas atoms caused by the surface temperature exceeds the escape velocity caused by gravity, gas atoms float off into space.

The so-called vacuum of space happens because gravity attracts more gas atoms to stars, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, etc. than are floating in the space between these objects.

Here is an article on the atmosphere of the Moon.

We also have

• trace fossils.

• Ichnofacies

• Coprolites

• egg fossils

• fossilized skin

And fossils and traces of the environment.

There is no exact color of things.

Colors of objects depends on the wavelengths of light emitted by objects and the interpretations of those wavelengths by eyes and brains.

Point 1.

Light wavelengths are real, but colors are interpretations of eyes and brains.

Light comes in a wide range of wavelengths. Human eyes see wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometers. Bees see light from 200 to 600 nanometers. See the third image on this page.

Different wavelengths of light stimulate cones in the eyes of human and bees. This stimulation is interpreted by the human and bee brains as colors.

Look at the image on this page. The top row is how these flowers look to humans. The bottom row is how the same flowers look in ultraviolet which bees can see.

So which is the "real" color of the flowers? What humans see? Or what bees see?

Point 2.

Your point that the wavelengths of light shone on objects changes the wavelengths of light reflected off objects that reaches our eyes.

Point 3.

As objects get hot, they can emit more than reflected light, and start emitting their own light at different wavelengths depending on how hot they are. This called black body radiation.

Look at image on this page. Near the center of the image is the vertical rainbow showing where the visible light our eyes can see is. At room temperature, 294° kelvin, objects are emitting wavelengths of reflected light that we can see with our eyes.

As objects, e.g., piece of metal, heat up to say 3000° Kelvin, objects glow red because the strongest wavelengths of visible light are at the red end. At 6000° Kelvin, objects glow white because wavelengths of visible light are equal across across all visible light spectrum. At 10000° Kelvin, objects appear blue because the strongest wavelengths of visible light are at that end of the spectrum.

It takes sunlight 8 minutes to reach Earth.

Radiation from the supernovae would destroy the Earth in 8 minutes.

Correlations with suicide

Article 1

Article 2

The statistics I have read usually say many are leaving mainstream churches to become unaffiliated believers. It is not clear how many are becoming actual agnostics or atheists.

Others have mentioned that light doesn't scatter in a vacuum.

However, light gets dimmer with distance. according to an "inverse square law". This has at least two implications.

• Astronomers must use wider telescopes and leave the camera open over a longer time to capture enough light to see stuff far away.

• Astronomers can use increasing dimness at greater distances to measure distance. In 1924, Edwin Hubble used the increasing dimness of Cepheid variable stars in the Andromeda Galaxy to claim the Andromeda nebula was actually another galaxy outside the Milky Way Galaxy. Source