Create a will that specifies how your estate will handled. You can leave everything to the humane society, if you wish, simply make it part of the will. You can also name an executor for your estate - someone you trust to make sure that your instructions are carried out.

When you die, all your assets and debts become your estate. The assets will be used to settle any outstanding debts, and the remainder dispensed per your will. For real estate, it’s likely that the humane society has no use for the house, so you might ask that it be sold and the proceeds donated. This would be a task for the executor.

It’s MPGe (miles per gallon equivalent), and it was invented so that consumers could (sort of) compare the efficiency of electric cars and non-electric cars. Unfortunately, it’s not intuitive in any way.

The US Environmental Protection Agency determined that 33.7 kWh of electricity was equivalent to 1 gallon of gas. So, if a car goes 4 miles on 1 kWh of electricity, that’s equivalent to 33.7 x 4 = 134.8 MPGe

The 33.7 kWh per gallon assumes 100% efficiency in conversion of the chemical energy of combustion in a gallon of gas into mechanical energy. However, a typical internal combustion engine is typically about 25% efficient (and electric motors close to 98%). As a result, it’s a pretty dubious way to compare EVs and non-EVs. It’s an OK way to compare EV to EV, though miles per kWh is more meaningful because it can be easily used to estimate the cost of operating the car.

One of my eldest’s favorite foods. They’re quite a bit of effort to make from scratch, though. Do you just make them with left over risotto?

“Bring my Tender Vittles, peasant.”

We don't have any meaningful way to answer the question on a universe scale.

It's reasonable to believe that many biological materials on Earth are probably exceptionally rare in the universe. They represent a minuscule portion of the mass of our own solar system, and, as far we can tell, Earth is the only place in our solars system where a majority of biomolecules can be found.

Rather than a second job, spend some time looking for a higher-paying job.

The trick is not to work more hours, but rather to receive more per hour, otherwise you'll be stuck in a series of low-paying positions and constantly exploited. If you are working a full-time job and intend to try and support yourself, then "$24/hour" is actual minimum wage. When you look at your current salary, look at it more as receiving minimum wage and then being required to giving money back to your employer as a thank you for letting your work there.

There's plenty of good-paying work out there. If you find some and can't take it for lack of qualifications, then maybe work on getting qualified. Focus on jobs that have a clear path for growth and promotion (and that will support you following that path).

You don't want to work more hours at minimum wage, you want to work the same or fewer hours at a wage that allows you to have a stable and fulfilling life while affording you the opportunity to save for the future.

It depends.

A company may offer different classes of shares, so not all shares are 1 vote per share. A person with 75% of the shares could conceivably have less than 50% of the vote (or they could have more than 75%).

Let's just assume the question means to ask if a single person had a majority of the votes, could the be removed from the board? They could certainly resign of their own accord. Also, if they committed some sort of criminal act that prohibits them from serving on the board, they would be removed (though this isn't really removing the person so much as the law mandating it). Otherwise, there's not much else that can be done other than try to talk the individual into selling their shares / resigning.

That said, different countries have special laws about owning large portions of publicly traded companies that complicate matters.

In calculus, it means "changes in y with respect to x". The 'd' is short for 'delta' (the symbol we use for "change" or "difference"), and the ratio of the dy and dx , is the "derivative" or the slope of a line at a points along the line.

Say you had a a line where y = x^(2). That means when x is -2, -1, 0, 1, and 2 that y is 4, 1, 0, 1, and 4 respectively -- it looks like a U-shaped cup. The derivative of that line, dy/dx is 2x. That means at x = -2, -1, 0, 1, and 2, the slope of the line (change in y with respect to x) is -4, -2, 0, 2, and 4 respectively. The line y = 2x + 1 has a derivative dy/dx = 2 -- meaning that the slope is constant all along the line, which is precisely what you expect for a straight line; moreover, it's pretty intuitive, y changes 2 for each 1 that x changes.

Calculus provides a way of figuring out the slopes of lines and the areas underneath them (and it can work with more variables too).

They don't generally run more efficiently, but they do run faster.

Laptops are designed to run off battery, if need be. Most people want the computer to run longer when on battery, rather than running fast and spending the battery quickly (particularly if you are working), so the laptop is designed to conserve energy by running the processor and other components in a slower low-power mode. Some even switch from a powerful graphics chip when plugged in, to a simpler graphics chip when running on battery (graphics can use lots of power).

When the laptop is plugged in, there's plenty of power and you're not worrying about the battery running out, so the laptop cranks up the speed of everything.

The thing is, it might be more efficient in the low power mode because it's going out of its way to not be wasteful (by default), and using more power might not speed it up as much as it uses more energy.

Files can be anywhere, so there’s a big table in a predetermined spot that lists all the files and the place(s) where the file is stored. You can also look there to see what space is in use by files.

When you write a file, the computer looks for a spot that isn’t in use, reserves it, puts stuff there, and updates the table so it shows where the file is.

When you delete a file, the computer simply removes the entry in the table that says where it is and what area was reserved for it. There’s no need to delete the actual data because once the name disappears from the table, it might as well not exist as far as programs are concerned.

Since the space isn’t reserved anymore, the space is free to be used to store other files in the future and will eventually get written over.

Your desktop software (perhaps Windows Explorer), has a database where programs can store an association between a file suffix and a program so that when you double-click on a file, the operating system will use that program. The installer software sets that up. That has nothing to do with the file format — that’s a configuration option of the desktop software.

On MacOS classic, each file had a “resource fork”, which was actually a second hidden file (they exist in version of Windows too, but are mostly unused). The resource fork file contained a code to indicate the file type, and the preferred program to open the file (usually set by the program that created it). The file name was completely irrelevant unless a program was written to filter by name.

Modern macOS would check to see if there was an extension and look up in text files what programs could open them and what the user has as a default. If the extension wasn’t recognized, then it would open the file and read part of it and use that to look up what format the file was (UNIX’ file method). There, the file extension was only important if given, because it was understood to be used by the user to o specify how to sort the files and which programs to use to open it.

Changing the file extension doesn’t change the data inside. If you rename a .jpg file .gif, it’s still a JPEG. If you have a desktop environment configured to open both with the same image editor (say, Photoshop), then double-clicking on the file tells Photoshop to open it. Photoshop then looks at the first few bytes of the file to see what’s inside. If it’s JPEG, it uses a routine to load JPEGs, even if the file has the .gif file extension.

Different formats store information in dramatically different ways, but many programs are capable of reading all sorts of data formats. Sometimes they pay attention to the file name, sometimes they don’t.

The file name doesn’t have anything to do with the format inside. File extensions serve two purposes: mostly, they are there to help people remember the type of data in the file, and sometimes they are used by the desktop environment to sort files and decide which programs open them.

In fact, the program itself opens the file and checks the data inside the file to figure out what to do with it.

JPEG, GIF, WebP, are all very different. You can name the files whatever you want, but if you look at the first few bytes of data in the file, you can tell right away if you are looking at a JPEG file that’s name ends in .GIF

It was the 1980s, the Age of Aquanet.

Of 3.2 billion bases, about 10 million bases are known to be variant, and on average each person has 100 thousand or so of those variants.

We’re all genetically distinct and unique, but we’re overwhelmingly similar to one another. The reference genome provides a structure upon which we can make notations of variation, localization of features / functions, etc.

You're not supposed to put the baby in a dry cleaning bag. Sheesh, it's even printed right on the bag!

Seems like it was just yesterday... Well, for me, anyway.

We group similar plants into groups called families. "Nightshade" is the common name for a huge family of plants (Solanaceae). They're all flowering plants, many with edible fruits. They share a few similarities in the shapes of parts of their flower, but otherwise they are dramatically different in size (tiny shrubs to trees), shape (vines, bushes, ...), color (whole rainbow), fruits, etc.

Some common edible nightshades: tomatoes, potatoes, eggplants, bell peppers, and chili peppers.

There are also nightshades that are poisonous: belladonna, tobacco, mandrake, henbane, etc.

There's no reason to avoid the edible nightshades unless you have an allergy specific to the plant. Obviously, you shouldn't eat the poisonous ones.

With modern video editing, you could use any color. That bright green color is used because it's quite a bit different from tones in skin and natural tones, and it's easy for equipment to identify the color and get a good separation between the background and the subject.

With older equipment, green had the added benefit of being the "base" color for the video signal (and other colors were created by adjusting red and blue levels). This meant the equipment was particularly sensitive to this color and it was easier to make equipment to lock in on it and treat it as transparent.

Up through the 1980's the same effect was done with film and using the color blue and special filters to make "film sandwiches" that could combine multiple images into one picture. The technique had been used since the 1930's, but it became more sophisticated with each decade.

The zinc batteries have a volumetric energy density of 100 Wh/L, compared to, say, 450 Wh/L for the NMC lithium battery in a Tesla. you need 4.5x as much physical space to hold the same amount of energy.

That may not be a dealbreaker for many applications. Replace a Powerwall with a dorm-fridge sized one of these in your basement or garage and you’d probably be just as happy (and happier still if it’s cheap).

Drinking too much water is unlikely to cause liver or kidney problems. However, it can cause other problems. If drunk in too short a period of time, 3-4 L is enough to cause acute hyponatremia, which is tissue swelling triggered by a drop in blood sodium concentration (the brain can fatally swell). Consistently drinking large volumes of water can also cause hypervolemia, fluid overload, which triggers swelling but also high blood pressure and the cardiac risks associated with that.

Unless otherwise medically directed, a typical person should only drink fluids when they feel thirsty, or in a situation where they are being quickly depleted of fluids (intense exercise, hot temperatures, or suffering from diarrhea or vomiting).

150kW - 350kW is pretty standard for a DC fast charger today.

Our local mall has a SuperCharger site: 12 stalls @ 250 kW each (3 MW total). There's another one at Target in the town next door; same setup.