No worries at all, I'm always glad to have a stupid error pointed out and corrected. Thanks!

.... Yeah, good point. Oops 😔

So to see a demonstration of this, put an orange in your open palm next time you are in a car and slam on the brakes. See how the orange seemed to speed forward, splatter on the dashboard, and make a massive mess? Same thing happened to those people in the minivan. WEAR YOUR DAMN SEATBELT

Edit: spelling

Neurotransmitters are difficult, and testing things inside of the blood brain barrier (BBB) is notoriously difficult. While we can conduct blood tests of all three of those molecules, serum levels (that's what we call the blood after the red blood cells have been separated from the rest of the blood) do not correlate to levels on the other side of the BBB. That being said, the method for testing it would be either spectrophotometry or liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LCMS) depending on the medical facility and it's equipment/age.

There's also spectrophotometry, LCMS, MALDI, ELISA, radioimmunoassay, and many other kind of immunoassays :)

There are various methods to do so, depending on which specific hormone or biomarker you are interested in studying. I used to work in a hospital lab, and now I do clinical chemistry research. What are you interested in learning about?

This is why salt, and other dissolved compounds, will reduce the freezing temperature of water: the interfere with the formation of the crystal lattice structure required for the phase transition

Additionally, these induced tumor cells have the advantage of being isotopically labeled, making tracking the tumor progression much easier to quantify for comparisons.

All available evidence indicates that those fears are entirely unfounded. Being skeptical of GMOs is the same as saying vaccines cause autism, it's simply anti-science

Very interesting. I'm curious, do you know what's the proposed mechanism is for tau proteins and CTE? Is the idea that the concussions cause cellular death, resulting in the spreading of tau proteins via invagination?

Kind of, but not exactly. Dry shampoo doesn't really remove dirt the way dry cleaning does, but rather absorbs the oils giving the appearance of clean hair. But, the dry portion is identical

My pleasure! I'm always happy to share the fruits of my education

In chemistry we call anything with water removed "dry" or "anhydrous". Even organic solvents which don't mix with water will absorb some small amount of water from the atmosphere, so we use little beads called molecular sieves that absorb the water from the solvent, and we store it under a nitrogen atmosphere. This makes the solvent "dry"

I've noticed a similar phenomenon on my home scale, it's almost like it has a memory or something. If I weigh myself while holding a 15lb weight, then weigh myself without the dumbbell, the number changes. Trying doing a similar experiment but while holding a heavy mass between weighs

Soap, regular soap, will indeed kill most germs, but not all of them. It removes all germs, those it kills and those it cannot kill, but it absolutely positively can kill the majority of germs. Source: my degree in biochemistry